Table 1

Differential effects of currently available interventions in the treatment of adipose tissue dysfunction

Intervention

Mechanism of action responsible for the effect on cytokines and adipokines

Effect on cytokines and adipokines

Diet

Weight loss

Adiponectin↑, leptin↓, IL-6↓, sTNF-α receptor type 1↓

Orlistat

Weight loss

Adiponectin↑, resistin↓, leptin↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓

Sibutramine

Weight loss

Adiponectin↑, resistin↓, leptin↓, IL-10↑, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓

CB1-antagonists

Weight loss

Adiponectin↑, leptin↓

Effects through PPARγ activation

Bariatric surgery

Weight loss

Adiponectin↑, HMW adiponectin↑, RBP-4↓, PAI-1↓, MIF↓, MCP-1↓, IL-18↓

Effects on gut hormones

Exercise

Weight loss

Adiponectin↑, resistin↓, RBP-4↓, IL-6↓, IL-18↓

Salicylates

Anti-inflammatory

Adiponectin↑

COX-2 inhibition

β-blocker

β₂ adrenoreceptor activation

Adiponectin ↑, leptin↓

Aldosteron antagonists

Aldosteron antagonism

PAI-1↓

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors

Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system

Adiponectin↑

Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers

Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system

Adiponectin↑, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓

Effects through PPARγ activation

(HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors

Anti-inflammatory

Adiponectin↑↓, visfatin↓

Fibrates

Effects through PPARα activation

Adiponectin↑, RBP-4↓, PAI-1↓, MCP-1↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓

Effects through PPARγ activation

Metformin

Anti-inflammatory

Vaspin↓, MIF↓

AMPK activation

Thiazolidinediones

Effects through PPARγ activation

Adiponectin↑, HMW adiponectin↑, leptin↑, RBP-4↓, PAI-1↓

AMPK: AMP activated protein kinase, CB-1 antagonists: Cannabinoid-1 antagonist, IL: Interleukin, MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MIF: Macrophage Inhibitory Factor, PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PPAR: Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors, RBP-4: Retinol Binding Protein 4, TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Westerink and Visseren Cardiovascular Diabetology 2011 10:13   doi:10.1186/1475-2840-10-13