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Courtesy [8,9] The manifold toxicities of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and T2DM |
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| A-FLIGHT toxicities |
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| A |
Amylin (hyperamylinemia)/amyloid toxicity |
ROS |
| Ang II (also induces PKC) |
ROS |
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| AGEs/AFEs (advanced glycosylation/fructosylation endproducts) |
ROS |
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| Antioxidant reserve compromised |
ROS |
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| Absence of antioxidant network |
ROS |
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| Ageing |
ROS |
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| Angiogenesis (induced redox stress) Arteriogenesis (impaired PAI-1) |
ROS |
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| Atherosclerosis – Atheroscleropathy. [ROS beget ROS] |
ROS |
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| F |
Free fatty acid toxicity |
ROS |
| L |
Lipotoxicity |
ROS |
| I |
Insulin toxicity (hyperinsulinemia-hyperproinsulinemia) (endogenous) |
ROS |
| Inflammation toxicity |
ROS |
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| G |
Glucotoxicity (compounds peripheral insulin resistance) reductive stress Sorbitol / polyol pathway |
ROS plus |
| Pseudohypoxia (NADH/NAD increased) |
PKC |
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| H |
Hypertension toxicity |
ROS |
| t homocysteine toxicity |
ROS |
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| T |
Triglyceride toxicity |
ROS |
Hayden and Tyagi Cardiovascular Diabetology 2002 1:3 doi:10.1186/1475-2840-1-3 |
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