Table 3 |
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Courtesy [8,9] The manifold toxicities of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and T2DM |
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A-FLIGHT toxicities |
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|
|
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|
A |
Amylin (hyperamylinemia)/amyloid toxicity |
ROS |
|
Ang II (also induces PKC) |
ROS |
|
|
AGEs/AFEs (advanced glycosylation/fructosylation endproducts) |
ROS |
|
|
Antioxidant reserve compromised |
ROS |
|
|
Absence of antioxidant network |
ROS |
|
|
Ageing |
ROS |
|
|
Angiogenesis (induced redox stress) Arteriogenesis (impaired PAI-1) |
ROS |
|
|
Atherosclerosis – Atheroscleropathy. [ROS beget ROS] |
ROS |
|
|
F |
Free fatty acid toxicity |
ROS |
|
L |
Lipotoxicity |
ROS |
|
I |
Insulin toxicity (hyperinsulinemia-hyperproinsulinemia) (endogenous) |
ROS |
|
Inflammation toxicity |
ROS |
|
|
G |
Glucotoxicity (compounds peripheral insulin resistance) reductive stress Sorbitol / polyol pathway |
ROS plus |
|
Pseudohypoxia (NADH/NAD increased) |
PKC |
|
|
H |
Hypertension toxicity |
ROS |
|
t homocysteine toxicity |
ROS |
|
|
T |
Triglyceride toxicity |
ROS |
|
|
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|
Hayden and Tyagi Cardiovascular Diabetology 2002 1:3 doi:10.1186/1475-2840-1-3 |
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