Table 3

Courtesy [8,9] The manifold toxicities of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and T2DM


A-FLIGHT toxicities


A
Amylin (hyperamylinemia)/amyloid toxicity
ROS

Ang II (also induces PKC)
ROS

AGEs/AFEs (advanced glycosylation/fructosylation endproducts)
ROS

Antioxidant reserve compromised
ROS

Absence of antioxidant network
ROS

Ageing
ROS

Angiogenesis (induced redox stress) Arteriogenesis (impaired PAI-1)
ROS

Atherosclerosis – Atheroscleropathy. [ROS beget ROS]
ROS
F
Free fatty acid toxicity
ROS
L
Lipotoxicity
ROS
I
Insulin toxicity (hyperinsulinemia-hyperproinsulinemia) (endogenous)
ROS

Inflammation toxicity
ROS
G
Glucotoxicity (compounds peripheral insulin resistance) reductive stress Sorbitol / polyol pathway
ROS plus

Pseudohypoxia (NADH/NAD increased)
PKC
H
Hypertension toxicity
ROS

t homocysteine toxicity
ROS
T
Triglyceride toxicity
ROS

See reference [8,9]

Hayden and Tyagi Cardiovascular Diabetology 2002 1:3   doi:10.1186/1475-2840-1-3