Table 3

Courtesy [8,9] The manifold toxicities of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and T2DM

A-FLIGHT toxicities


A

Amylin (hyperamylinemia)/amyloid toxicity

ROS

Ang II (also induces PKC)

ROS

AGEs/AFEs (advanced glycosylation/fructosylation endproducts)

ROS

Antioxidant reserve compromised

ROS

Absence of antioxidant network

ROS

Ageing

ROS

Angiogenesis (induced redox stress) Arteriogenesis (impaired PAI-1)

ROS

Atherosclerosis – Atheroscleropathy. [ROS beget ROS]

ROS

F

Free fatty acid toxicity

ROS

L

Lipotoxicity

ROS

I

Insulin toxicity (hyperinsulinemia-hyperproinsulinemia) (endogenous)

ROS

Inflammation toxicity

ROS

G

Glucotoxicity (compounds peripheral insulin resistance) reductive stress Sorbitol / polyol pathway

ROS plus

Pseudohypoxia (NADH/NAD increased)

PKC

H

Hypertension toxicity

ROS

t homocysteine toxicity

ROS

T

Triglyceride toxicity

ROS


See reference [8,9]

Hayden and Tyagi Cardiovascular Diabetology 2002 1:3   doi:10.1186/1475-2840-1-3

Open Data